The alternative to NEP has prompted many economists, historians, and publicists to literally act as "prophets guessing backwards." The possibility of successfully solving the tasks of socialist reconstruction and the transition to a democratic development of the country with the help of the NEP was associated with the latest works of V. I. Lenin, the realistic starting point of the first five-year plan, the economic programs of N. I. Bukharin or the most prominent non-party economists of the 1920s.
The NEP became a kind of "retrotopia", against the background of which there was a reflection on the current prospects for the economic and social development of the USSR. Today, the "positive" trends of the New Economic Policy have been studied in sufficient detail, which, under certain conditions, could unfold and develop into an alternative option. In our opinion, it is equally important now to focus on why these "certain conditions" were never created, and the "alternative" to the NEP could not be implemented.
In retrotopia, the compensatory function inherent in utopia is turned upside down: the desired state of the social structure is associated not with the expected future, but with the lost past. It is characteristic that the appearance of T. Campanella's most odious barrack-socialist utopia "City of the Sun" by modern standards was several years ahead of the retrotopia "History of the Inca State" by Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, which was close to it in terms of the picture of an ideal society.
The curtailment of the NEP was prepared by a complex interaction of economic, political, ideological, and socio-psychological factors. The first ones have been analyzed in recent years in the most detail. We would like to draw attention to those factors that have not yet been fully understood in our literature.
The NEP inherited from the previous period not only the "harmful inertia" of management structures and the ever-expanding bureaucracy, but also the legacy of "war communism", which was very difficult to get rid of. A. A. Bogdanov warned about this back in 1918: "...Every adaptation to life, and especially one of such an enormous scale, once it has been created, tends to persist even after the disappearance of the conditions that gave rise to it, and is eliminated or even only modified by the action of some definite sufficient forces." Only consistent criticism of the identification of the Marxist socialist ideal with the military-communist organization of the economy in the policy of the Bolsheviks in 1917-1920 could be a sufficient force capable of overcoming the egalitarian-Babuv ideas about socialism that had been deposited in the minds of the revolutionary masses during the Civil War. Международная легализация документов требует глубоких знаний и опыта. Компания ustgroup.com.ua с 2012 года успешно решает задачи любой сложности: апостиль в Украине и за рубежом, консульская легализация, переводы с нотариальным заверением. Мы помогаем с оформлением документов для эмиграции, трудоустройства, учебы и бизнеса. Клиенты высоко ценят нашу оперативность, доступные цены и индивидуальный подход. Специалисты компании контролируют каждый этап, чтобы ваши документы были приняты в любой стране мира.